In the context of global demographic transitions—marked by aging populations, changing family structures, and increasing inequality—social welfare systems face immense pressure to remain equitable, inclusive, and fiscally sustainable. While some countries have leveraged demographic dividends to expand social protection, others face growing coverage gaps, particularly among informal workers, caregivers, young children, and older adults. Rising healthcare costs, pension obligations, and evolving labor markets further complicate fiscal planning. A life-course and whole-of-society approach is essential to ensure that welfare and protection systems adapt dynamically to population needs. Ensuring the health, well-being, and social inclusion of people across all stages of life—from early childhood to old age—requires resilient, adaptable, and fiscally sustainable systems. This session explores innovative models, emerging challenges, and policy solutions to strengthen social welfare systems across diverse demographic contexts.